Intellectual Disability (ID) – Definition and Overview:

Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. It begins before the age of 18 and affects a person’s ability to learn, reason, solve problems, and function independently in daily life.

✅ Key Features of Intellectual Disability:

1. Low Intellectual Functioning
   • Typically measured by an IQ score below 70.
   • Difficulties with reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, and learning.
2. Deficits in Adaptive Behavior
   • Problems in practical life skills such as:
     • Communication
     • Social skills
     • Personal care
     • Home living
     • Work and school functioning
3. Developmental Onset
   • Symptoms appear during childhood or adolescence, not later in life.

🧠 Causes of Intellectual Disability:

• Genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome)
• Prenatal exposure to alcohol, drugs, or infections
• Birth complications, such as oxygen deprivation
• Childhood diseases or brain injury
• Unknown causes (in many cases)

📊 Levels of Intellectual Disability:

🧩 Support and Treatment:

• Special education programs
• Speech and occupational therapy
• Social skills and life skills training
• Behavioral therapy
• Medical support for associated conditions

🛑 Important Note:

The term “mental retardation” was historically used but is now considered outdated and offensive. The preferred term globally is Intellectual Disability (ID)